MUHAMMAD IBNU SOIM: Tafsir Ayat-ayat Ekonomi

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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Al-Qur’an merupakan sumber penggalian dan pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>ajaran Islam. Untuk melakukan penggalian dan
pengembangan dipersyaratkan suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 
</span>kualifikasi dan keyakinan kuat untuk menghasilkan pemahaman yang tepat
mengenai perilaku kehidupan manusia, termasuk dalam bidang ekonomi.
Pengembangan ilmu ekonomi Islam yang bersumber dari al-Qur’an mempunyai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>peluang yang sama dengan pengembangan
keilmuan lainnya. Sayang, ilmu ini dirasakan tertinggal, walaupun kebutuhan
terhadap suatu sistem ekonomi baru yang lebih menjanjikan kesejahteraan dan
kemaslahatan sudah sangat mendesak. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sebagai sebuah metodologi, tafsir ekonomi al-Qur’an memberi peluang bagi
pengembangan ilmu ekonomi Islam. Model ini mempunyai tahapan kerja sebagai
berikut: pertama, menginventarisasi ayat-ayat yang terkait dengan permasalahan
ekonomi yang akan dibahas, baik berdasar pada kata kunci maupun pada kandungan
ayat secara umum maupun khusus. Kedua, menafsirkan ayat-ayat tersebut baik
berdasar urutan ayat dalam mushaf atau berdasar urutan turunnya surat. Ketiga,
model penafsiran yang digunakan adalah<i> maodlui</i> dengan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">corak <i>adabi al-ijtima’i wal-iqtishadiyyah.</i>
Keempat, melakukan konstektualisasi dalam realitas perekonomian</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PEMBAHASAN </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA (SDM)</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">AYAT-AYAT YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA (SDM)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pola konsumsi dan
perilaku produksi menentukan roda perekonomian. Al-Qur’an sebagai sumber ajaran</span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">bagi umat Islam </span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;">memiliki ajaran tentang konsumsi, produksi dan distribusi
disamping aktivitas-aktivitas perekonomian lainnya<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Di antara ayat konsumsi misalnya al-Baqarah: 168</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;">Al-Isr</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">a</span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;">a: 26-28, </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">dan </span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;">An Nahl: 114</span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">yang
berbunyi:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Artinya: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Hai
sekalian manusia, makanlah yang halal lagi baik dari apa yang terdapat di bumi,
dan janganlah kamu mengikuti langkah-langkah syaitan; Karena Sesungguhnya
syaitan itu adalah musuh yang nyata bagimu.”</i> (Q.S. Al-Baqarah: 168).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Artinya: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Dan
berikanlah kepada keluarga-keluarga yang dekat akan haknya, kepada orang miskin
dan orang yang dalam perjalanan dan janganlah kamu menghambur-hamburkan
(hartamu) secara boros. Sesungguhnya pemboros-pemboros itu adalah
Saudara-saudara syaitan dan syaitan itu adalah sangat ingkar kepada Tuhannya. Dan
jika kamu berpaling dari mereka untuk memperoleh rahmat dari Tuhanmu yang kamu
harapkan, Maka Katakanlah kepada mereka Ucapan yang pantas.”</i> (Q.S.
Al-Israa: 26-28).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Berdasarkan
Surat Al-Israa’ diatas, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apabila kamu
tidak dapat melaksanakan perintah Allah seperti yang tersebut dalam ayat 26,
Maka Katakanlah kepada mereka perkataan yang baik agar mereka tidak kecewa
lantaran mereka belum mendapat bantuan dari kamu. dalam pada itu kamu berusaha
untuk mendapat rezki (rahmat) dari Tuhanmu, sehingga kamu dapat memberikan
kepada mereka hak-hak mereka. Sedangkan ayat Al-Qur’an yang lainnya seperti di
surat An-Nahl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>ayat 114 yang berbunyi:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Artinya: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Maka
makanlah yang halal lagi baik dari rezki yang Telah diberikan Allah kepadamu;
dan syukurilah nikmat Allah, jika kamu Hanya kepada-Nya saja menyembah.”</i>
(Q.S. An-Nahl: 114).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Berdasarkan</span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ayat-ayat tersebut
terkandung prinsip halal dan baik, tidak diperkenankannya perilaku berlebihan,
pelit, boros, harus seimbang, proporsional dan pertanggung jawaban. Dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">surat lain seperti surat </span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;">Al-Baqarah: 22,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>An-Nahl: 5</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, dan </span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lukman</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">: </span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;">20, </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">yang berbunyi:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Artinya: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Dialah
yang menjadikan bumi sebagai hamparan bagimu dan langit sebagai atap, dan dia
menurunkan air (hujan) dari langit, lalu dia menghasilkan dengan hujan itu
segala buah-buahan sebagai rezki untukmu; Karena itu janganlah kamu mengadakan
sekutu-sekutu bagi Allah, padahal kamu Mengetahui.”</i> (Q.S. Al-Baqarah: 22).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Artinya: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Dan
dia Telah menciptakan binatang ternak untuk kamu; padanya ada (bulu) yang menghangatkan
dan berbagai-bagai manfaat, dan sebahagiannya kamu makan.”</i> (Q.S. An-Nahl:
5).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Artinya: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Tidakkah
kamu perhatikan Sesungguhnya Allah Telah menundukkan untuk (kepentingan)mu apa
yang di langit dan apa yang di bumi dan menyempurnakan untukmu nikmat-Nya lahir
dan batin. dan di antara manusia ada yang membantah tentang (keesaan) Allah
tanpa ilmu pengetahuan atau petunjuk dan tanpa Kitab yang memberi penerangan.</i>”
(Q.S. Lukman: 20).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ayat-ayat diatas</span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;"> merupakan ayat</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">-ayat</span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;"> produksi</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> yang</span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;"> mengandung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>ajaran bahwa kegiatan produksi harus memenuhi
kebutuhan masyarakat, menimbulkan kemaslahatan, tidak menimbulkan kerusakan
lingkungan. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam
melakukan kegiatan produksi, Allah juga melarang dengan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keras penumpukan harta benda atau barang
kebutuhan pokok pada segelintir orang. Pola distribusi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>harus mendahulukan aspek prioritas
berdasarkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">need assessment. </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA (SDM)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) dibagi
menjadi dua bagian yaitu produksi dan konsumsi yang akan dijelaskan sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Produksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam ekonomi Islam,
produksi mempunyai motif kemasla</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">ha</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">tan, kebutuhan dan kewajiban. Demikian pula, konsumsi.
Perilaku produksi merupakan usaha seseorang atau kelompok untuk melepaskan dirinya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>dari kefakiran. Menurut Yusuf Qardhawi
(1995), secara eksternal perilaku produksi dimaksudkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
setiap individu sehingga dapat membangun kemandirian ummat.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sedangkan motif
perilakunya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>adalah keutamaan mencari
nafkah, menjaga semua sumber daya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flora-fauna</i>
dan alam sekitar), dilakukan secara profesional (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amanah & itqan</i>) dan berusaha pada sesuatu yang halal. Karena
itu dalam sebuah perusahaan asumsi-asumsi produksi, harus dilakukan untuk
barang halal dengan proses produksi dan pasca produksi yang tidak menimbulkan
ke-<i>madharatan</i>. Semua orang diberikan kebebasan untuk melakukan usaha
produksi.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari sudut pandang fungsional, produksi atau
proses pabrikasi <i>(manufacturing)</i> merupakan suatu aktivitas fungsional
yang dilakukan oleh setiap perusahaan untuk menciptakan suatu barang atau jasa
sehingga dapat mencapai nilai tambah <i>(value added). </i>Dari fungsinya itu,
produksi meliputi aktivitas produksi sebagai berikut;<b> </b>apa yang diproduksi,
berapa kuantitas produksi, kapan produksi dilakukan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>mengapa suatu produk diproduksi, bagaimana
proses produksi dilakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>dan siapa yang
memproduksi. Berikut akan dijelaskan sekilas mengenai ketujuh aktivitas
produksi.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 55.4pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Apa yang diproduksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 55.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Terdapat dua pertimbangan yang mendasari pilihan jenis dan
macam suatu produk yang akan diproduksi; ada kebutuhan yang harus dipenuhi
masyarakat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">(primer, sekunder, tert</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">s</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">ier) dan ada manfaat
positif bagi perusahan dan masyarakat (harus memenuhi kategori etis dan ekonomi)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 55.4pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Berapa kuantitas yang diproduksi; bergantung kepada motif
dan resiko</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 55.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jumlah pruduksi dipengaruhi dua faktor;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>intern dan ekstern; faktor intern meliputi;
sarana dan prasarana yang dimiliki perusahan, faktor modal, faktor sdm, faktor
sumber daya lainnya. Adapun faktor ekstern meliputi adanya jumlah kebutuhan
masyarakat, kebutuhan ekonomi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">market
share</i> yang dimasuki dan dikuasai, pembatasan hukum dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">regulasi</i>.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 55.4pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kapan produksi dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 55.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penetapan waktu produksi, apakah akan mengatasi kebutuhan eksternal
atau menunggu tingkat kesiapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  
</span>perusahaan.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 55.4pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mengapa suatu produk
diproduksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 73.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Alasan ekonomi</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 73.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Alasan sosial dan kemanusiaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 73.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Alasan politik</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 55.4pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dimana produksi itu dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 73.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kemudahan memperoleh suplier bahan dan alat-alat produksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 73.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Murahnya sumber-sumber ekonomi </span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 73.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Akses pasar yang efektif dan efisien</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 73.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Biaya-biaya lainnya yang efisien</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dengan demikian</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">,</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;"> masalah barang apa yang harus diproduksi (<i>what</i>),
berapa jumlahnya (<i>how much</i>), bagaimana memproduksi (<i>how</i>), untuk
siapa produksi tersebut (<i>for whom</i>), yang merupakan pertanyaan umum dalam
teori produksi tentu saja merujuk pada motifasi-motifasi Islam dalam produksi.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Seperti
yang sudah dijelaskan pada ayat diats, Lukman: 20, An-Nahl: 5) tampak jelas
Allah menciptakan Sumber Daya Manusia di muka bumi ini hanya untuk manusia
untuk kebutuhannya sehari-hari. </span><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam kedua surat di atas, dapat diambil pelajaran
bahwa setelah kita sebagai pelaku ekonomi mengoptimalkan seluruh sumber daya
yang ada di sekitar kita (dalam ayat-ayat diatas; binatang ternak, pegunungan;
tanah perkebunan, lautan dengan kekayaannya, ingat lagi pandangan al-Qur’an
tentang harta benda<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span> sebagai
media untuk kehidupan di dunia ini, lalu kita diarahkan untuk melakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>kebaikan-kebaikan kepada saudara kita, kaum
miskin, kaum kerabat dengan cara yang baik tanpa kikir dan boros. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Konsumsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">Terdapat empat prinsip
utama dalam sistem ekonomi Islam yang diisyaratkan dalam Al</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">-</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">Qur’an</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> mengenai konsumsi diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hidup hemat dan tidak
bermewah-mewah </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">artinya</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">, tindakan ekonomi
diperuntukan hanya sekedar pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">(<i>needs</i>) bukan pemuasan keinginan (<i>wants</i>).</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Implementasi zakat dan mekanismenya pada
tataran Negara. Selain zakat terdapat pula instrumen sejenis yang bersifat
sukarela (<i>voluntary</i>) yaitu infak, shadaqah, wakaf, dan hadiah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penghapusan Riba. Menjadikan system bagi
hasil dengan instrumen <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mudharabah</i> dan
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">musyarakah</i> sebagai pengganti sistem
kredit <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>termasuk bunga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjalankan usaha-usaha yang halal, jauh dari
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maisir</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gharar</i>; meliputi bahan baku, proses produksi, manajemen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">output</i> produksi hingga proses distribusi
dan konsumsi harus dalam kerangka halal.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari empat prinsip demikian, terlihat model perilaku
muslim dalam menyikapi harta. Harta bukanlah tujuan, ia hanya sekedar alat
untuk menumpuk pahala demi tercapainya <i>falah</i> (kebahagiaan dunia dan
akhirat). Dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">nilai
amanah itulah manusia dituntut untuk menyikapi harta benda untuk mendapatkannya
dengan cara yang benar, proses yang benar dan pengelolaan dan pengembangan yang
benar pula. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Namun perlu diingat bahwa konsep keperluan dasar dalam
Islam sifatnya tidak statis, artinya keperluan dasar pelaku ekonomi bersifat
dinamis merujuk pada tingkat ekonomi yang ada pada masyarakat. Pada tingkat
ekonomi tertentu sebuah barang yang dulu dikonsumsi akibat motifasi keinginan,
pada tingkat ekonomi yang lebih baik barang tersebut telah menjadi kebutuhan.
Dengan demikian parameter yang membedakan definisi kebutuhan dan keinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>tidak bersifat statis, ia bergantung pada
kondisi perekonomian serta ukuran kemashlahatan. Dengan standar kamashlahatan,
konsumsi barang tertentu dapat saja dinilai kurang berkenan ketika sebagian
besar ummat atau masyarakat dalam keadaan susah.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dengan demikian sangat jelas terlihat bahwa perilaku
ekonomi Islam tidak didominasi oleh nilai alamiah yang dimiliki oleh setiap
individu. Terdapat nilai diluar diri manusia yang kemudian membentuk perilaku
ekonomi. Nilai ini diyakini sebagai tuntunan utama dalam hidup dan kehidupan
manusia. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>

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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Adiwarman A. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Karim, <i>Ekonomi Islam: Suatu Kajian Ekonomi Makro</i>,
The International Institute of Islamic Thought Indonesia (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jakarta:
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">IIIT Indonesia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">, 2002</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Departemen Agama RI, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Qur’an
dan Terjemahnya, </i>(Jakarta: Kathoda, 2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sadono </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sukirno,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Pengantar Teori Mikro</i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ekonomi,</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(Jakarta:
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rajawali Press</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> 2002</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Umar </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Chapra, <i>Islam dan Pembangunan Ekonomi</i>, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(Jakarta:
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gema Insani
Press</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> 2000</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Yusuf </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Qardhawi,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peran Nilai dan Moral Dalam Perekonomian Islam,</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(Jakarta:
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rabbani Press, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">995</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">).</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adiwarman A. </span>Karim, <i>Ekonomi
Islam: Suatu Kajian Ekonomi Makro</i>, The International Institute of Islamic
Thought Indonesia (<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jakarta: </span>IIIT
Indonesia<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, 2002</span>), <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">hal. 72.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Departemen Agama RI, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahnya, </i>(Jakarta:
Kathoda, 2005), hal. 32.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yusuf </span>Qardhawi,<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i>Peran Nilai dan Moral Dalam Perekonomian
Islam,</i> <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">(Jakarta: </span>Rabbani
Press, <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">1</span>995<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">), hal. 190</span>.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sadono </span>Sukirno,<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Pengantar
Teori Mikro</i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>Ekonomi,</i> <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">(Jakarta: </span>Rajawali Press<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span> 2002<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">), hal. 73</span>.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Umar </span>Chapra, <i>Islam dan
Pembangunan Ekonomi</i>, <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">(Jakarta: </span>Gema
Insani Press<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span> 2000<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">), hal. 87.</span></div>
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