MUHAMMAD IBNU SOIM: Ilmu Kalam

BAB I KERANGKA BERFIKIR ALIRAN-ALIRAN ILMU KALAM

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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
Dalam membahas persoalan yang berkaitan dengan ilmu kalam, pastinya terdapat
perbedaan perspektif antara pemikiran satu dengan pemikiran lainnya.
Sebagaimana kata “<i>kalam</i>” yang berarti “pembicaraan”. Pembicaraan dalam
hal ini yaitu, tentang masalah-masalah ketuhanan dengan menggunakan
argumentasi, logika dan filsafat serta memperbandingkan masalah yang menyangkut
pokok-pokok agama dan yang berhubungan dengannya. Ilmu kalam ataupun filsafat
islam tidak akan muncul tanpa adanya perbedaan-perbedaan paradigma (pandangan)
antara satu paham dengan paham lainnya. Aliran mu’tazilah dalam hal ini sangat
berpengaruh terhadap lahirnya Ilmu Kalam, yang bisa dikatakan sebagai pencetus
paham yang memberikan daya yang kuat terhadap akal (rasional).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
Karena adanya perbedaan pendapat inilah sehingga muncul berbagai aliran-aliran
dan juga metode-metode berfikir yang menjadi ciri dari masing-masing aliran
tersebut. Secara umum, metode/kerangka berfikir dalam ilmu kalam dapat dikelompokkan
lebih dari dua yaitu, metode berfikir liberal dan metode berfikir tradisionil,
yang masing-masing mempunyai prinsip yang berbeda. <i>Free will</i> atau <i>predestination
</i>(liberal), menekankan aspek yang besar terhadap logika (akal). Sedangkan <i>fatalism</i>
(tradisionil), tidak begitu besar menekankan pada aspek akal. Kedua corak ini
tidak bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam. </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403" name="more"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KERANGKA BERFIKIR ALIRAN-ALIRAN ILMU
KALAM</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KERANGKA BERFIKIR ALIRAN-ALIRAIN ILMU
KALAM</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengkaji aliran-aliran ilmu kalam pada dasarnya merupakan
upaya untuk memahami kerangka berfikir dan proses pengambilan keputusan para
ulama aliran teologi dalam menyelesaikan persoalan-persoalan kalam. Perbedaan
kesimpulan satu dengan kesimpulan lainnya dalam mengkaji suatu objek tertentu merupakan
suatu hal yang bersifat natural.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengenai sebab-sebab pemicu perbedaan pendapat, ada dua
pendapat diantaranya, yaitu:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ad-Dahlawi;
Tampaknya lebih menekankan aspek subjek pembuatan keputusan sebagai pemicu
perbedaan pendapat. Penekanan serupapun pernah dikatakan Imam Munawwir. Ia
mengatakan bahwa perbedaan pendapat di dalam Islam lebih dilatarbelakangi
adanya beberapa hal yang menyangkut kapasitas dan kredibilitas seseorang
sebagai figur pembuat keputusan.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umar
Sulaiman Asy-Syaqar; Ia lebih menekankan aspek objek keputusan  sebagai
pemicu terjadinya perbedaan pendapat. Menurutnya, ada tiga persoalan yang
menjadi objek perbedaan pendapat, yaitu:</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persoalan
keyakinan (<i>aqa’id</i>)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persoalan
syariah, dan</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persoalan
ekonomi.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="IN"></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
Perbedaan metode berfikir secara garis besar dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua
macam, yaitu kerangka berfikir rasional dan metode berfikir tradisional. Metode
berfikir secara rasional memiliki prinsip-prinsip sebagai berikut ini:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanya terikat dengan dogma-dogma
yang dengan jelas dan tegas disebutkan dalam Al-Quran dan Hadis Nabi, yakni
ayat yang <i>qath’i</i> (teks yang tidak diinterpretasi lagi kepada arti lain,
selain arti harfinya).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberikan kebebasan kepada manusia
dalam berbuat dan berkehendak serta memberikan daya yang kuat kepada akal.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><sup>
</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fokus dalam prinsip berfikir
rasional adalah lebih dominannya peran akal sehingga harus lebih ekstra keras
berupaya untuk menanamkan suatu ajaran atau konsep kepada orang lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
Jadi dominannya aspek rasionalisme dalam ilmu kalam akhirnya menjadikan
pemikiran ini jatuh ke wilayah pemikiran metafisika yan lebih bersifat
spekulatif dan melampaui batas-batas kemampuan dan daya serap pikiran manusia
biasa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
Adapun metode berfikir tradisional memiliki prinsip-prinsip sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terikat pada dogma-dogma dan
ayat-ayat yang mengandung arti <i>zhanni </i>(teks yang boleh mengandung arti
lain selain dari arti harfinya).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak memberikan kebebasan pada
manusia dalam berkehendak dan berbuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberikan daya yang kecil kepada
akal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada tiga
berometer, sekurang-kurangnya untuk melihat dan mengetahui suatu aliran, yaitu:
kedudukan akal dan fungsi wahyu, perbuatan dan kehendak manusia, serta keadilan
atau kehendak mutlak Tuhan. Ciri teologi rasional adalah:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 60.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">          
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akal
mempunyai kedudukan yang tinggi, karena dalam memahami wahyu, aliran ini
cenderung menggambar arti majazi,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 60.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">          
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manusia
bebas berbuat dan berkehendak. Karena akal kuat, manusia mapu berdiri sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 60.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">          
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadilan
Tuhan menurut pendapat ini, terlatak pada adanya hukum alam (sunatullah) yang
mengatur perjalanan alam ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 60.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">          
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengatakan
bahwa Tuhan bersifat immateri, tak dapat dilihat dengan mata kepala.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 60.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">          
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengatakan
sabda Tuhan atau <i>kalam</i> bukanlah bersifat kekal tetapi bersifat baharu
dan diciptakan Tuhan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
Disamping pengatagorian teologi rasional dan tradisional, dikenal pula
pengatagorian akibat adanya perbedaan kerangka berfikir dalam menyelesaikan
persoalan-persoalan kalam.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliran Antroposentris</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
<i>Aliran an</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">t</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">roposentris
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menganggap bahwa hakikat realitas
transenden bersifat intrakosmos dan impersonal. Ia berhubungan erat dengan
masyarakat kosmos. Baik yang natural mayupun yang supranatural dalam arti
unsur-unsurnya. Manusia adalah anak kosmos. Unsur supranatural dalam diri
merupakan sumber kekuatannya. Tugas manusia adalah melepaskan unsur-unsur
natural yang jahat. Dengan demikian manusia harus mampu menghapus kepribadian
kemanusiannya untuk meraih kemerdekaan dari lilitan naturalnya. Orang yang
tergolong dalam kelompok ini berpandangan negatif terhadap dunia karena
menganggap keselamatan dirinya terletak pada kemampuannya untuk membuang semua
hasrat dan keinginannya. Sementara ketakwaan lebih diorientasaikan kepada praktek-praktek
pertapaan dan konsep-konsep magis. Tujuan hidupnya bermaksud menyusun
kepribadiannya kedalam realita impersonalnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan dayanya, manusia mempunyai kebebasan mutlak tanpa
campur tangan realitas transenden.aliran teologi yang termasuk dalam kategori
ini adalah<i> Qadariah, Mu’tazilah dan Syi’ah.</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teolog Teosentris</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
<i>Aliran teosentris </i>menganggap bahwa hakikat transenden bersifat
suprakosmos, personal dan ketuhanan. Tuhan adalah pencipta segala sesuatu yang
ada di kosmos ini. Ia dengan segala kekuasaan-Nya- mampu berbuat apa saja
secara mutlak. Sewaktu-waktu ia dapat muncul pada masyarakat kosmos. Amnusai
adalah makhluk ciptaan-Nya sehingga harus berkarya hanya untuk-Nya. Didalam
kondisi yang serba relatif, diri manusia adalah migran abadi yang aka segera
kembali kepada Tuhan. Untuk itu manusia harus mampu meningkatkan keselarasan
denagn realitas tertinggi dan transenden melalui ketakwaan. Dengan
ketakwaannya, manusia akan memperoleh kesempurnaan yang layak, sesuai dengan
naturalnya. Dengan kesempurnaan itu pula, manusia akan menjadi sosok yang
ideal, yang mampu memancarkan atribut-atribut ketuhanan dalam cermin dirinya.
Kondisi semacam inilah yang pada saatnya nanti akan menyelamatkan nasibnya di
masa yang akan datang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
Manusia teosentris adalah manusia yang statis karena sering terjebak dalam
kepasrahan mutlak kepada Tuhan. Sikap kepasrahan menandakan ia tidak mempuyai
pilihan. Baginya segala perbuatannya pada hakikatnya adalah aktivitas Tuhan .
ia tidak mempunyai pilihan lain, kecuali apa yang telah ditetapkan Tuhan.
Denagn cara itu Tuhan menjadi penguasa mutlak yang tidak dapat diganggu gugat.
Tuhan bisa saja memasukkan manusia jahat kedalam keuntungan yang melimpah
(surga). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aliran <i>teosentris</i> menganggap daya
menjadi potensi perbuatan baik atau jahat manusia bisa datang sewaktu-waktu
dari Tuhan. Oleh sebab itu, ada kalanya manusia mampu melaksanakan sesuatu
perbuatan tatkala ada daya yang datang kepadanya. Sebaliknya ia mampu
melaksanakan suatu perbuatan apapun tatkala ia ada daya yang datang kepadanya.
Dengan perantara daya, Tuhan selalu campur tangan. Bahkan bisa dikatakan
manusia tidak ada daya sama sekali terhadap segala perbuatannya. Aliran teologi
yang tergolong dalam kategori ini adalah<i> Jabbariyah.</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliran Konvergensi atau Sintesis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
Aliran <i>konvergensi </i>menganggap hakikat realitas transenden bersifat supra
sekaligus intrakosmos personal dan impersonal. <i>Lahut </i>dan<i> nashut</i>,
makhluk dan Tuhan, sayang dan jahat, lenyap dan abadi, tampak dan abstrak, dan
sifat-sifat lainnya yang dikotomik. Ibnu Arabi menamakan sifat-sifat yang
semacam ini dengan <i>insijam al-azali (prestabilished harmny). </i>Aliran ini
memandang bahwa manusia adalah <i>tajjah</i>atau cermin <i>asma</i> dan
sifat-sifat realitas mutlak itu. Bahkan, seluruh alam (kosmos), termasuk
manusia, juga merupakan cermin <i>asma </i>dan<i> sifat</i>-Nya yang beragam.
Oleh sebab itu, eksistensi kosmos yang dikatakan sebagai pencipta pada dasarnya
adalah penyingkapan asma dan sifat-sifat-Nya yang azali.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
Kebahagiaan, bagi para penganut aliran konvergensi, terletak pada kemampuannya
membuat pendulum agar selalu tidak jauh ke kanan atau ke kiri, tetapi di
tengah-tengah antara ekstrimitas. Dilihat dari sisi ni, Tuhan adalah sekutu
manusia yang tetap, atau lebih luas lagi bahwa Tuhan adalah sekutu makhluk-Nya,
sedangkan makhluk adalah sekutu Tuhannya. Ini karena, baik manusia atau makhluk
merupakan suatu bagian yang tidak terpisahkan sebagaiman keterpaduan antara
dzat Tuhan dan asma serta sifat-sifat-Nya. Kesimpulannya, kemerdekaan kehendak
manusia yang profan selalu berdampingan <i>determinisme transendental</i> Tuhan
yang sakral dan menyatu dalam daya manusia. Aliran teologi yang dapat
dimasukkan ke dalam kategori ini adalah Asy’ariyah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliran Nihilis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
Aliran <i>nihilis </i>menganggap bahwa hakikat realitas transendental hanyalah
ilusi. Aliran ini pun menolak Tuhan yang mutlak, tetapi menerima berbagai
variasi Tuhan kosmos. Manusia hanyalah bintik kecil dari aktivitas mekanisme
dalam suatu masyarakat yang serba kebetulan. Kekuatan terletak pada kecerdikan
diri manusia sendiri sehingga mampu melakukan yang terbaik dari tawaran yang
terburuk. Idealnya, manusia mempunyai kebahagiaan yang bersifat fisik, yang merupakan
titik sentral perjuangan seluruh manusia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">           
Semua aliran teologi dalam Islam, baik Asy’ariyah, Maturidiyah apalagi
Mu’tazilah sama mempergunakan akal dalam menyelesailkan persoalan-persoalan
teologi yang timbul di kalangan umat Islam. Perbedaan yang terdapat antara
aliran-aliran itu ialah perbedaan dalam derajat kekuasaan yang diberikan kepada
akal. Kalau Mu’tazilah berpendapat bahwa akal mempunyai daya yang kuat,
Asy’ariah sebaliknya berpendapat bahwa akal mempunyai daya yang lemah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Semua aliran juga berpegang kepada wahyu.
Dalah hal ini, perbedaan yang terdapat antara aliran-aliran itu hanyalah
perbedaan dalam interpretasi mengenai teks ayat-ayat al-Qur’an dan Hadis.
Perbedaan interpretasi inilah yang sebenarnya menimbulkan aliran-aliran yang
berlainan itu. Hal ini juga tidak obahnya sebagai hal yang  trdapat dalah
bidang hukum Islam atau Fiqih. Disana juga, perbedaan interpretasilah yang
melahirkan mazhab-mazhab seperti yang dikenal sekarang, yaitu mazhab Hanafi,
mazhab Maliki, mazhab Syafi’i dan mazhab Hambali. </span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>

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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan pembahasan makalah diatas,
maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disamping
pengatagorian teologi rasional dan tradisional, dikenal pula pengatagorian
akibat adanya perbedaan kerangka berfikir dalam menyelesaikan
persoalan-persoalan kalam, yaitu:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">             
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliran
Antroposentris; Aliran teologi yang termasuk adalah<i> Qadariah, Mu’tazilah dan
Syi’ah.</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 59.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">             
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teolog
Teosentris; Aliran teologi yang tergolong dalam kategori ini adalah<i>
Jabbariyah.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">             
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliran
Konvergensi atau Sintesis; Aliran teologi yang dapat dimasukkan ke kategori ini
adalah Asy’ariyah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">             
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliran
Nihilis</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">                       
</span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>

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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abdul Razak dan Rosihon Anwar,<i> Ilmu Kalam, </i>Cet.
III,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (Bandung: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pustaka
Setia,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>2007</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">).</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Harun </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nasution, <i>Teologi Islam: Aliran-Aliran Sejarah,
Analisa Perbandingan,</i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(Jakarta: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">UI
Press, 1996</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">).</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abdul Razak dan Rosihon
Anwar,<i> Ilmu Kalam, </i>Cet. III,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (Bandung: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pustaka Setia,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>2007</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, h</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">al</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.
31.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[4]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Harun </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nasution,
<i>Teologi Islam: Aliran-aliran Sejarah, Analisa Perbandingan,</i></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(Jakarta: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">UI Press, 1996</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">hal.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">143</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div>
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BAB I KERANGKA BERFIKIR ALIRAN-ALIRAN ILMU KALAM

BAB I PENDAHULUAN Dalam membahas persoalan yang berkaitan dengan ilmu kalam, pastinya terdapat perbedaan p...

BAB I HUBUNGAN ILMU KALAM, FILSAFAT DAN TASAWUF

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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB I</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ilmu
kalam merupakan disiplin ilmu keislaman yang banyak mengedepankan pembicaraan
tentang persoalan-persoalan kalam Tuhan. Jika pembicaraan ilmu kalam hanya
berkisar pada keyakinan-keyakinan yang harus di pegang oleh umat islam, tanpa
argumentasi rasional, ilmu ini lebih spesifik mengambil bentuk sendiri dengan
istilah ilmu tauhid atau ilmu <i>‘aqa’id</i>. Pembicaraan materi-materi yang
tercakup dalam ilmu kalam terkesan tidak menyentuh <i>dzauq</i> (rasa
rohaniah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kajian
agama erat hubungannya dengan kajian filosofis, lantaran agama juga menyangkut <i>fundamental
value</i> dan <i>ethnic values</i>, untuk tidak semata mata bersifat teologis. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hal
demikian dapat dimaklumi, lantaran pendekatan legal-formal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>dan lebih-lebih lagi pendekatan fiqh jauh
lebih dominan dari pada pendekatan yang lainnya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Baik
ilmu kalam,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">filsafat, maupun tasawuf
berurusan dengan hal yang sama, yaitu kebenaran. Ilmu kalam, dengan metodenya
berusaha mencari kebenaran tentang Tuhan dan yang berkaitan dengan-Nya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perbedaannya terletak pada aspek
metodeloginya. Ilmu kalam, ilmu yang menggunakan logika. Pada dasarnya ilmu ini
menggunakan metode dialektika (dialog keagamaan). Sementara itu, filsafat
adalah sebuah ilmu yang digunakan untuk memperoleh kebenaran rasional. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB II</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">HUBUNGAN
ILMU KALAM, FILSAFAT DAN TASAWUF</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">ILMU KALAM</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengertian Ilmu
kalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Secara harfiyah, ilmu kalam
berarti pembicaraan atau perkataan. Dalam lapangan pemikiran islam, istilah
kalam memiliki dua pengertian: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pertama</i>,
sabda Allah <i>(The Word of God</i>), dan kedua, ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilm Al-kalam</i> (<i>The science of kalam</i>).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam Al-Quran istilah
kalam ini dapat ditemukan dala ayat-ayat yang berhubungan dengan salah satu
sifat Allah, yakni lafazh <i>kalamullah.</i>dalam surat An-Nisa Ayat 164: </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">وكلم الله مو سى تكليما (النساء:١٦٤</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Artinya: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dan Allah telah berbicara kepada Musa secara
langsung.</i>”(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">QS.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">An-Nisa</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">164
).</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menurut<b> </b>syaikh muhammad abduh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(1849-1905) ilmu tauhid atau disebut ilmu
kalam,adalah ilmu yang membahas tentang wujud Allah tentang sifat-sifat yang
wajib tetap bagi-Nya.sifat sifat yang jaiz disifatkan kepadanya dan tentang
sifat mustahi dari pada-Nya.dan membahas tentang rosul Allah untuk memetapkan
kebenaran risalahnya,apa yang diwajibkan atas dirinya,hal yang jaiz yang
dihubungkan/dinisbatkan pada diri mereka dan hal yang terlarang / mustahil
menghubungkannya kepada diri mereka.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sebutan kalam, juga dipertegas oleh Nurcholish Madjid,
yang mengutip Ali Asy-Syabi bahwa antara istilah mantiq dan kalam secara
historis ada hubungan. Keduanya memiliki kesamaan, lalu antara kaum
Mutakallimun (ahli ilmu kalam) dan para filosof mengganti istilah <i>mantiq</i>
dengan <i>kalam</i>, karena keduanya memiliki makna harfiyah yang sama.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ilmu ini disebut dengan ilmu kalam,
disebabkan persoalan yang terpenting yang menjadi pembicaraan pada abad-abad
permulaan hijriyah ialah apakah kalam Allah (Al-Quran) itu qadim atau hadits.
Dan dasar ilmu kalam ialah dalil-dalil pikiran dan pengaruh dalil pikiran ini
tampak jelas dalam pembicaraan para Mutakallimin. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sumber-sumber ilmu
kalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sumber utama ilmu kalam
ialah Al-Quran dan Al-Hadis yang menerangkan tentang wujudnya Allah Swt,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">sifat-sifat-Nya,dan persoalan akidah islam
lainnya. tidaklah tepat kalau ilmu kalam itu merupakan ilmu ke-islaman yang
murni, karena diantara pembahasan-pembahasannya banyak yang berasal dari luar
islam, sekurang-kurangnya dalam metodenya. Tetapi juga tidak benar kalau
dikatakan bahwa ilmu kalam itu timbul dari filsafat yunani, sebab unsur-unsur
lain juga ada. Yang benar ialah kalau dikatakan bahwa ilmu kalam itu bersumber
pada Al-Quran dan Al-Hadis yang perumusan-perumusannya didorong oleh
unsur-unsur dari dalam dan dari luar.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Salah satu Faktor timbulnya
ilmu kalam karena kebutuhan para mutakallimin terhadap filsafat itu adalah
untuk mengalahkan (mengimbangi) musuh-musuhnya, mendebat karena dengan
mempergunakan alasan-alasan yang sama, mereka terpaksa mempelajari filsafat
yunani dalam mengambil manfaat ilmu logika, terutama dari segi ke-Tuhanannya.
Kita mengetahui An-Nazham (tokoh mu’tazilah) mempelajari filsafat aristoteles
dan menolak beberapa pendapatnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">        
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">TASAWUF</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Awal munculnya tasawuf</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tentang  kapan awal
munculnya tasawuf, Ibnul Jauzi  mengemukakan,  yang pasti, istilah
sufi muncul sebelum tahun 200 H.  Ketika pertama  kali  muncul,
banyak orang yang  membicarakannya  dengan berbagai ungkapan. Tasawuf
dalam pandangan mereka  merupakan  latihan jiwa dan usaha mencegah
tabiat dari akhlak-akhlak yang hina lalu membawanya ke akhlak yang baik, hingga
mendatangkan pujian di dunia dan pahala di akhirat.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ada yang mengatakan
tasawuf dari kata “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shafa</i>”, artinya
suci, bersih, atau murni. Karena dari segi niatnya maupun tujuannya setiap
tindakan kaum sufi, dilakukan dengan niat suci untuk membersihkan jiwa dalam
mengabdi kepada Allah SWT.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ada juga yang
menyatakan bahwa <i>ahl ash-shuffah </i>adalah komunitas yang hidup pada masa
Rasulullah, dan senantiasa menyibukkan diri untuk beribadah kepada Allah.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Imam Al-Ghazali dalam
<i>Ihya U’lum Ad-Din </i>menyebutkan, Tasawuf adalah budi pekerti. Berarti ia
memberikan bekal bagimu atas dirimu dalam tasawuf. Hamba yang jiwanya menerima
(perintah) untuk beramal karena mereka melakukan suluk dengan petunjuk Islam,
orang-orang zuhud yang jiwanya menerima perintah untuk melakukan sebagian
akhlak, karena mereka telah melakukan suluk dengan petunjuk (<i>nur</i>)
imannya. Mereka memiliki ciri khusus dalam aktivitas dan ibadah mereka, yaitu
atas dasar kesucian hati dan untuk pembersihan jiwa dalam rangka mendekatkan
diri kepada Allah SWT. Mereka adalah orang yang selalu memelihara dirinya dari
berbuat dosa dan maksiat.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">[4]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tujuan Tasawuf</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tasawuf banyak
diminati oleh para ulama sebagai jalan atau latihan untuk mengembankan kesucian
batin atau hati. Ada dua aliran besar yang berkembang dalam dunia tasawuf,
yaitu <i>Tasawuf falsafi</i> (Ulama yang meminati dunia filsafat, namun
melibatkan diri dalam tasawuf berada dalam aliran ini) dan <i>Tasawuf Sunni</i>
(Ulama yang tidak melibatkan diri pada dunia pemikiran filsafat).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">FILSAFAT</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengertian Filsafat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Filsafat berasal dari bahasa yunani <i>philosophia</i>.
Yang berarti adalah cinta <i>philia </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebijaksanaan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sophia</i>). Menurut analisis, kata ini muncul dari mulut phytagoras
yang hidup diyunani kuno pada abad ke-6 sebelum masehi. Oleh karena itu, orang
yang mencintai kebijaksanaan disebut sebagai philosophos atau filsuf. Orang
yang mencintai kebijaksanaan bukanlah orang yang sudah memiliki kebijaksanaan,
melainkan orang yang terus berupaya mencari kebijaksanaan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">[5]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menurut plato filsafat tidaklah lain dari
pada pengetahuan tentang segala yang ada. Aristoteles kewajiban filsafat adalah
menyelidiki sebab dan asas segala benda. Dengan demikian filsafat bersifat ilmu
yang umum.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Filsafat pada dasarnya
adalah perenungan yang mendalam mengenai sesuatu yanng dianggap atau dinilai
bermanfaat bagi kehidupan manusia.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 128.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">HUBUNGAN ILMU KALAM, FILSAFAT DAN TASAWUF</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 128.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Persamaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 128.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ilmu
kalam, filsafat dan tasawuf mempunyai kemiripan objek kajian. Objek kajian ilmu
kalam adalah ke-Tuhanan dari segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan-Nya. Objek
kajian filsafat adalah masalah ke-Tuhanan disamping masalah alam, manusia, dan
segala sesuatu yang ada. Sedangkan objek kajian tasawuf adalah Tuhan, yakni
upaya-upaya pendekatan terhadap-Nya. Jadi, dilihat dari aspek objeknya, ketiga
ilmu itu membahas masalah yang berkaitan dengan ke-Tuhanan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">[6]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Baik
ilmu kalam, filsafat, maupun tasawuf berurusan dengan hal yang sama, yaitu
kebenaran. Ilmu kalam, dengan metodenya berusaha mencari kebenaran tentang
Tuhan dan yang berkaitan dengan-Nya. Filsafat dengan wataknya sendiri pula,
berusaha menghampiri kebenaran, baik tentang alam maupun manusia (yang belum atau
tidak dapat dijangkau oleh ilmu pengetahuan karena berada diluar atau diatas
jangkauannya), atau tentang Tuhan. Sementara itu, tasawuf- juga dengan
metodenya yang tipikal –berusaha menghampiri kebenaran yang berkaitan dengan
perjalanan spiritual menuju Tuhan.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 128.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik perbedaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 128.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perbedaannya terletak pada aspek
metodeloginya. Ilmu kalam, sebagai ilmu yang menggunakan logika- disamping
argumentasi-argumentasi <i>naqliyah</i> berfungsi untuk mempertahankan
keyakinan ajaran agama, yang sangat tampak nilai-nilai apologinya. Pada
dasarnya ilmu ini menggunakan metode dialektika (dialog keagamaan). Berisi
keyakinan-keyakinan kebenaran agama yang dipertahankan melalui argumen-argumen
rasional. Dan dari segi tempat berpijak, Ilmu kalam berpijak pada wahyu dan
kesadaran adanya Tuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 128.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari segi pembinaan, ilmu kalam timbulnya
berangsur-angsur dan dimulai dari beberapa persoalan yang terpisah-pisah,
akhirnya tumbuh aliran-aliran ilmu kalam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 128.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sementara itu, filsafat adalah sebuah ilmu
yang digunakan untuk memperoleh kebenaran rasional. Dan metode yang digunakan
adalah rasional. Filsafat menghampiri kebenaran dengan cara menuangkan akal
budi secara <i>radikal </i>(mengakar), <i>intelegral </i>(menyeluruh) dan <i>universal</i>
(mengalam), tidak terikat oleh ikatan apapun, kecuali oleh ikatan tangan nya
sendiri yang bernama logika. Dan berpijak dari akal pikiran dan kesadaran akan
wujud diri sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 128.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari segi pembinaannya, filsafat sejak semula
sudah tumbuh diyunani dalam keadaan utuh dan lengkap, sehingga ketika diterima
kaum muslim tinggal memberi penjelasan-penjelasan dan mempertemukannya dengan
kepercayaan-kepercayaan Islam.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB III</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">KESIMPULAN</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">Berdasarkan pembahasan
makalah diatas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ilmu kalam, filsafat dan
tasawuf mempunyai kemiripan objek kajian. Objek kajian ilmu kalam adalah
ke-Tuhanan dari segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan-Nya. Objek kajian filsafat
adalah masalah ke-Tuhanan disamping masalah alam, manusia, dan segala sesuatu
yang ada. Sedangkan objek kajian tasawuf adalah Tuhan, yakni upaya-upaya
pendekatan terhadap-Nya. Jadi, dilihat dari aspek objeknya, ketiga ilmu itu
membahas masalah yang berkaitan dengan ke-Tuhanan.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Baik
ilmu kalam, filsafat, maupun tasawuf berurusan dengan hal yang sama, yaitu
kebenaran. Ilmu kalam, dengan metodenya berusaha mencari kebenaran tentang
Tuhan dan yang berkaitan dengan-Nya. Filsafat dengan wataknya sendiri pula,
berusaha menghampiri kebenaran, baik tentang alam maupun manusia (yang belum
atau tidak dapat dijangkau oleh ilmu pengetahuan karena berada diluar atau
diatas jangkauannya), atau tentang Tuhan.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Abdul Reza
Wattimena, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filsafat dan Sains: Sebuah
Pengantar, </i>(Jakarta: Grasindo, 2008).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Abdul Rozak, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filsafat Tasawuf, </i>(Bandung: Pustaka
Setia, 2010).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Adeng Muchtar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perkembangan
Ilmu Kalam Dari Klasik Hingga Modern, </i>(Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ahmad Jaiz Hartono,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kumpulan Buku Hartono: Tasawuf Belitan
Iblis, </i>(Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rosihan Anwar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Kalam, </i>(Bandung: Pustaka Setia,
2003).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sahilun A. Nasir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pemikiran Kalam: Teologi Islam, </i>(Jakarta:
RajaGrafindo Persada, 2012).</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sahilun A. Nasir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pemikiran Kalam: Teologi Islam, </i>(Jakarta:
RajaGrafindo Persada, 2012), hal. 1.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ahmad Jaiz Hartono, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kumpulan Buku Hartono: Tasawuf Belitan
Iblis, </i>(Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2005), hal. 6.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[4]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abdul Rozak, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filsafat Tasawuf, </i>(Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2010), hal. 21.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[5]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abdul Reza Wattimena, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filsafat dan Sains: Sebuah Pengantar, </i>(Jakarta:
Grasindo, 2008), hal. 1.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[6]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rosihan Anwar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Kalam, </i>(Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2003), hal. 39.</span></div>
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BAB I HUBUNGAN ILMU KALAM, FILSAFAT DAN TASAWUF

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