MUHAMMAD IBNU SOIM: Money and Banking

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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Salah
satu penemuan yang paling menakjubkan dalam sejarah peradaban manusia adalah
uang. Tidak perlu diperdebatkan apakah uang merupakan penemuan ilmiah atau
bukan. Satu hal yang pasti adalah bahwa dengan ditemukannya uang, hidup manusia
menjadi lebih mudah di banding dengan masa sebelum di temukannya uang. Dengan
adanya uang, transaksi yang di lakukan oleh manusia menjadi lebih mudah, cepat,
dan tidak perlu dibatasi lagi oleh dimensi waktu. Dimasa ini uang sebagai
institusi ekonomi dan komoditas mempunyai peranan penting dalam perekonomian.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengertian
uang sebagai institusi adalah uang telah diterima sebagai alat pembayaran
maupun alat penyimpanan nilai. Dengan demikian pengggunaan uang dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari sudah menjadi pola pikir yang baku. Mengingat fungsi utama dari
sebuah institusi adalah mempermudah kehidupan manusia, baik secara individu
maupun kelompok, maka dapat dikatakan siapapun manusia yang hidup di alam
modern akan mengalami kesulitan jika tidak mau menerima uang.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">UANG DALAM PEREKONOMIAN MODERN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PENGERTIAN
UANG</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam
perjalanan sejarah peradaban manusia, uang merupakan bagian <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang integral dari kehidupan sehari-hari,
bahkan ada yang berpandangan bahwa uang merupakan darahnya suatu perekonomian,
mengingat di dalam masyarakat modern, dimana mekanisme perekonomian berdasarkan
pada lalu lintas barang dan jasa, semua kegiatan-kegiatan ekonomi yang
dilakukan akan memerlukan uang sebagai alat pelancar guna mencapai tujuannya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Uang
diibaratkan sebagai minyak pelumas yang memudahkan aktifitas pertukaran,
sehingga apabila masyarakat percaya dan dapat menerima uang sebagai pembayaran
untuk barang dan hutang, maka perdagangan menjadi relatif mudah.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Oleh
karena itu, untuk dapat menyadari pentingnya peranan uang dalam kehidupan
modern, seseorang tidak perlu harus menjadi ahli ekonomi. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ada
beberapa definisi mengenai uang yang dijelaskan beberapa pakar, diantaranya
adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menurut Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Indonesia uang adalah alat pembayaran
yang sah, yang terbuat dari kertas maupun dari emas.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menurut Kasmir yaitu sesuatu yang dapat diterima secara
umum sebagai alat pembayaran dalam suatu wilayah tertentu atau sebagai alat
pembayaran utang atau sebagai alat unuk melakukan pembelian barang dan jasa.
Dengan demikian, uang merupakan alat pembayaran yang dapat diterima secara umum
sebagai alat pembayaran, baik dalam pembayaran utang maupun dalam pembelian
barang dan jasa disuatu wilayah tertentu.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sedangkan menurut
Sadono Sukirno, uang diciptakan dalam perekonomian dengan tujuan untuk
melancarkan kegiatan tukar menukar dan perdagangan. Maka uang selalu
didefinisikan sebagai benda-benda yang disetujui oleh masyarakat sebagai alat
perantaraan untuk mengadakan tukar menukar/perdagangan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Berdasarkan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">pembahasan mengenai
uang diatas, maka disini penulis dapat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">mendefinisikan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> uang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">sebagai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> suatu alat atau
benda yang dapat dipergunakan dalam bentuk apa saja, baik dalam pembayaran,
dapat digunakan untuk alat hitung, untuk mengukur kekayaan serta dapat diterima
oleh masyarakat umum.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">UANG
DALAM PEREKONOMIAN MODERN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Uang dan
modernisasi perekonomian</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Istilah
modern mengandung makna yang bersifat relatif dan dinamis. Maksudnya, ukuran
modern terus-menerus berubah sepanjang masa. Sesuatu yang pada masa lalu di
anggap modern, saat ini mungkin dikatakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primitif</i>.
Sesuatu yang saat ini modern,dalam waktu yang singkat dapat saja dianggap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primitif</i>.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Uang sebagai
indikator modernisasi bangsa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengalaman
menakjubkan peradaban yang modern adalah peradaban yang semakin menghargai
uang. Fakta tersebut bukanlah dimaksudkan untuk menyatakan bahwa peradaban
modern adalah money minded atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>mata
duitan, melainkan semakin menyadari pentingnya peranan uang. Jika tujuan
pembangunan bangsa atau peradaban manusia adalah tercapainya kesejahteraan dan
keadilan, maka bangsa yang modern adalah bangsa yang adil dan sejahtera
setidak-tidaknya bangsa modern yang lebih adil dan sejahtera dibanding bangsa
yang belum modern. Dari sisi pandang ekonomi, bangsa yang makin modern adalah
bangsa yang makin mampu mengalokasikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 
</span>sumberdayanya dengan lebih efisien. Sumberdaya tersebut mencakup
sumberdaya ekonomi dan non ekonomi.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Uang sebagai
indikator tingkat modernisasi perekonomian</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perekonomian
modern adalah perekonomian yang sangat menjujung tinggi alokasi sumber daya
ekonomi. Keputusan yang diambil oleh konsumen maupun produsen sifatnya mandiri,
terdesentralisasi, dan berdasarkan pertimbagan untung rugi. Orientasi mereka
adalah mencapai keseimbangan individu. Konsumen mencapai kepuasan maksimum dan
produsen mencapai laba maksimum. Jika kedua pelaku ekonomi tersebut telah
mencapai kondisi optimal, maka perekonomian akan mencapai kondisi efesien atau
sering di sebut kondisi kesimbangan umum.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Uang dan
stabilitas ekonomi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bangsa yang
modern adalah bangsa di mana kemauan dan kemauan dan kempuan memilih atau
mengambil keputusan mandiri sangat di hargai. Salah satu syarat yang harus
dipenuhi untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut adalah kemampuan memberikan secara
terus menerus dan berkesinambungan, peningkatan kemakmuran, keadilan, dan
kesejahteraan rakyat. Dengan demikian, untuk mencapai taraf bagsa yang modern,
maka institusi ekonomi, khususnya institusi keuangan, sangat di perlukan.
Fungsi dan peranan institusi ekonomi adalah untuk mengelola ketidak pastian
jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Dapat juga dikatakan tujuan pembagunan
institusi ekonomi adalah meningkatkan stabilitas ekonomi jangka panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indikator
stabilitas ekonomi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebuah
perekonomian dikatakan stabil jika perkembangan indikator makro ekonominya
dalam jangka panjang tidak fluktuatif, atau semakin tidak
fluktuatif.indikator-indikator makro ekonomi yang umumnya digunakan untuk
mengatur stabilitas perekonomian adalah pertambahan ekonomi, stabilitas harga
umum, lapangan kerja, dan nilai tukar. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tingkat
pertambahan ekonomi yang relatif stabil dalam jangka panjang hanya mungkin
tercapai jika ekspektasi tetangmasa depan terus membaik. Sebaliknya
perekonomian yang terus semakin stabil akan meningkatkan ekspektasi.
Pertambahan ekonomi bermanfaat jika pertambahan tersebut disertai stabilitas
harga umum, yang diukur dari tingkat inflasi. Hal ini menunjukan pertambahan
dan perkembangan di sisi penawaran agregat. Dengan demikian, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inflasi</i> dan pertambahan ekonomi dapat di
gunakan sebagai tolok ukur stabilitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 
</span>perekonomian.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jumlah uang
beredar dan stabilitas ekonomi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebenarnya,
pada saat membicarakan uang dalam perekonomian modern, kita tidak hanya
berbicara tentang jumlah uang beredar, melainkan juga pasr uang, pasar modal,
instrument keuangan, dan lembaga keuangan. Kesemuanya terkait dengan
fungsi-fungsi uang yang sangat menopang kegiatan perokonomian modern. Pengaruh
jumlah uang beredar terhadap perekonomian telah di jelaskan oleh banyak ahli
ekonomi aliran utama (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mainstreams</i>),
yaitu klasik dan Keynesian.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pandangan ahli ekonomi klasik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Para ahli ekonomi aliran klasik
berpandagan, bahwa uang tidak mempunyai pengaruh terhadap peningkatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">output</i> perekonomian. Hal ini berdasarkan
asumsi bahwa output ekonomi sudah di produksi pada tingkat di mana faktor
produksi, khususnya barang modal dan tenaga kerja, digunakan sepenuhnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">full employment</i>). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan demikian penambahan jumlah
uang beredar hanya akan meniumbulkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inflasi</i>
yang proporsional dengan tingkat pertambahan jumlah uang beredar.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pandangan ahli ekonomi keynesia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Para ahli ekonomi yang termasuk
aliran keynesia berpandangan bahwa fungsi uang selain sebagai alat tukar adalah
juga sebagai alat penyimpanan nilai. Fungsi alat penyimpanan nilai inilah yang
memungkinkan uang di gunakan sebagai alat untuk memperoleh keuntungan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan demikian sebenarnya pasar
uang ada karena interaksi antara permintaan dan penawaran uang. Harga uang
dinyatakan dalam tingkat bunga, di mana jika uang semakin langka tingkat bunga
semakin mahal. Pada tingkat bunga semakin tinggi, maka permintaan untuk kredit
investasi maupun konsumsi akan berkurang, yang dapat menekan laju pertambahan
output perekonomian. Sebaliknya tingkat bunga yang semakin rendahakan
menyebabkan permintaan kredit akan naik, yang dapat menstimulir pertumbuhan
ekonomi.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasar uang
dan pasar modal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Baik pasar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">money market</i>) maupun pasar modal (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">capital market</i>) merupakan interaksi
antara permintaan dan penawaran uang. Yang di perjual belikan dalam pasar uang
dan pasar modal adalah hak penggunaan uang.seseorang atau sebuah lembaga yang memiliki
kelebihan uang dan untuk sementara waktu ataupun dalam jangka waktu lama belum
akan digunakan, dapat mengalihkan hak penggunaan uangnya tersebut kepada pihak
lain yang membutuhkan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengalihan
tersebut dapat dilakukan langsung oleh pemilik uang kepada pihak yang
membutuhkan, misalnya dalam betuk memberi pinjaman. Agar pemilik uang mau
menglihkan hak penggunaanya,si peminjam memberikan kompensasi berupa pembayaran
bunga. Berapa lama uang tersebut dipinjamkan dan berapa tingkat bunganya tergantung
kesepakatan kedua pihak.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">INSTRUMEN
KEUANGAN SYARIAH</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ada tiga instrumen utama yang digunakan dalam sistem
keuangan syariah diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Instrumen keuangan yang memelihara keadilan
yang dapat menciptakan suasana yang memungkinkan alokasi dan distribusi sumber
daya yang sesuai dengan ajaran Islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mekanisme harga yang dapat meningkatkan
efesiensi dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Intermediasi keuangan yang didasari oleh
prinsip berbagai hasil dan risiko <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(profit
and loss sharing)</i>.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sistem keuangan
syariah memiliki misi mewujudkan sistem keuangan yang berlandaskan keadilan,
kemanfaatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(maslahat) </i>kebersamaan,
kejujuran, kebenaran, keseimbangan, transparansi, anti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">eksploitasi</i>, anti penindasan, dan anti kezaliman melalui lembaga
keuangan perbankan syariah dan lembaga keuangan non bank syariah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Oleh karena itu,
transformasi sistem keuangan menuju sistem keuangan syariah di dunia Islam
membutuhkan beberapa langkah-langkah yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bunga harus diharamkan dari sistem keuangan
secara bertahap dan memperkuat organisasi bisnis berbasis sistem bagi hasil <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(profit and loss sharing)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rasio pinjaman ekuitas di negara-negara
muslim harus ditingkatkan untuk mengubah sifat basis pinjaman dalam ekonomi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reformasi sistem pajak harus dapat
mempercepat proses transformasi sistem keuangan yang mendorong ke tujuan-tujuan
produktif melalui ekuitas dan cadangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gerakan perekonomian secara luas akan
meningkatkan ekuitas dan membantu memobilisasi dana menganggur kepada para <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">investor</i> yang menghindari riba dan
menggunakannya untuk tujuan-tujuan produktif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Semua proyek komersial pemerintah harus di <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">konversi</i> kepada prinsip bagi hasil untuk
menghindari beban perbendaharaan publik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bunga harus dihapuskan dari lembaga kredit
khusus yang disponsori oleh pemerintah, sebagai gantinya dipromosikan sistem
bagi hasil.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">LEMBAGA
KEUANGAN </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lembaga keuangan adalah lembaga yang kegiatan utamanya
menghimpun dan menyalurkan dana, dengan motif mendapatkan keuntungan. Porsi terbesar
asetnya merupakan aset finansial. Fungsi utama lembaga keuangan adalah sebagai
perantara pihak-pihak yang membutuhkan uang modal (pemakai dana) dengan
pihak-pihak yang memilikinya (pemilik dana).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jika uang dapat dianalogikan sebagai darah yang dibutuhkan
untuk kehidupan ekonomi, maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>lembaga
keuangan adalah jantungnya. Sebab melalui lembaga keuanganlah uang yang ada
dalam perekonomian dihimpun dan dialirkan ke sektor-sektor kegiatan yang
membutuhkan. Tanpa adanya lembaga keuangan, tidak mungkin mengharapkan alokasi
sumber daya keuangan yang efisien, karena pasar uang modal tidak dapat bekerja
efisien.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari penjelasan diatas, lembaga keunangan mempunyai
fungsi dan peranan penting untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pasar uang modal. Lewat
upaya lembaga-lembaga keuangan, kekuatan penawaran, dan permintaan uang di
pertemukan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lembaga Keuangan Perbankan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Banking Financial Institution)</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bank
umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bank
umum adalah bank yang melakukan kegiatan usaha secara konvensional atau
berdasarkan prinsip syariah, yang dalam kegiatannya memberikan jasa dalam lalu
lintas pembayaran. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bank
Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bank
Perkreditan Rakayat (BPR) adalah bank yang melaksanakan kegiatan usaha secara
konvensional atau berdasarkan prinsip<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 
</span>syariah, yang dalam kegiatannya tidak memberikan jasa dalam lalu lintas
pembayaran. Jadi, BPR adalah bank yang menerima simpanan dalam bentuk deposito
berjangka, tabungan dan atau bentuk lainnya yang dapat dipersamakan dengan itu.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bank Sentral <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Central Bank)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fungsi utama paling mendasar dari bank
sentral didalam suatu negara adalah mengatur jumlah uang beredar dalam
perekonomian. Tetapi dalam prakteknya, bank sentral menjalankan banyak fungsi
mulai dari penanganan penyelesaian giro sampai dengan pemberian izin,
pembinaan, dan pengawasan perbankan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bank Indonesia (BI)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bank Indonesia (BI) adalah bank sentral
negara Republik Indonesia, didirikan pada tahun 1953 dengan mengubah status De
Javasche Bank N.V. (yang dinasionalisasi di tahun 1951) menjadi bank sentral
Indonesia. Dasar hukum pendirian BI adalah Undang-Undang Nomor 11/1953.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sama halnya dengan bank sentral di
negara-negara lainnya, BI mengalami perubahan kedudukan dan fungsi pokoknya,
yang merupakan konsekuensi dari perkembangan sejarah, politik dan ekonomi di
Indonesia. Dilihat dari perubahan undang-undangnya, sejak tahun 1953 BI telah
mengalami dua kali perubahan kedudukan dan fungsi pokok. Perubahan pertama
dilakukan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 13/1968, sedangkan perubahan kedua
berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor: 23/1968.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lembaga
Keuangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Bukan Bank <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Non Banking Financial Institution)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sebagai lembaga keuangan yang tidak diizinkan
menghimpun dana dalam bentuk tabungan, maka kegiatan penghimpunan dana yang
dilakukan LKBB adalah mengeluarkan kertas berharga dan menyalurkannya untuk
membiayai kegiatan investasi dan atau konsumsi individu perusahaan. Beberapa
LKBB yang umumnya terdapat di dalam suatu perekonomian adalah perusahaan
asuransi, lembaga dana pensiun, perusahaan investasi, perusahaan pembiayaan,
dan pegadaian.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>

<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Berdasarkan pembahasan makalah diatas, maka
dapat disimpulkan bahwa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Istilah modern mengandung makna yang bersifat relatif
dan dinamis. Maksudnya, ukuran modern terus-menerus berubah sepanjang masa.
Sesuatu yang pada masa lalu di anggap modern, saat ini mungkin dikatakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primitif</i>. Sesuatu yang saat ini
modern,dalam waktu yang singkat dapat saja dianggap primitif. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Uang Dalam Perekonomian Modern ada beberapa
diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Uang dan modernisasi perekonomian, Uang
sebagai indikator modernisasi bangsa, Uang sebagai indikator tingkat
modernisasi perekonomian, Uang dan stabilitas ekonomi, Indikator stabilitas
ekonomi, Jumlah uang beredar dan stabilitas ekonomi, dan Pasar uang dan pasar
modal.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Andri Soemitra, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bank dan Lembaga Keuangan Syariah, </i>(Jakarta: Kencana, 2009).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Iswardono, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uang dan Bank, </i>Edisi Keempat, (Yogyakarta: BPFE, 1997).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kasmir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bank dan Lembaga Keuangan Lainya, </i>(Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 20</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Muhammad
Ibnu Soim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uang Dalam Perekonomian
Modern, </i>dalam </span><a href="http://www/.ibnusoim.com/uang-dalam-perekonomian-global.php"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://www/.ibnusoim.com/uang-dalam-perekonomian-global.php</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">?, tanggal 12 Juni 2014.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Prathama Ramhardja dan Mandala Manurung,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi: Mikroekonomi dan
Makroekonomi, </i>(Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas
Indonesia, 2008).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sadono
Sukirno, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Makro Ekonomi: Teori Pengantar, </i>(Jakarta:
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rajawali Pers,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> 2011)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Suyadmi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Indonesia, </i>(Magelang: CV. Tidar Ilmu, tt).</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Iswardono, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uang
dan Bank, </i>Edisi Keempat, (Yogyakarta: BPFE, 1997), hal. 3.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
Suyadmi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Indonesia, </i>(Magelang:
CV. Tidar Ilmu, tt), hal. 541.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
Kasmir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bank dan Lembaga Keuangan Lainya,
</i>(Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 20</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">13</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">),
hal. 13.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sadono Sukirno, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Makro Ekonomi: Teori Pengantar, </i>(Jakarta:
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rajawali Pers,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 2011), hal. 267.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
Muhammad Ibnu Soim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uang Dalam
Perekonomian Modern, </i>dalam </span><a href="http://www/.ibnusoim.com/uang-dalam-perekonomian-global.php"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://www/.ibnusoim.com/uang-dalam-perekonomian-global.php</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">?,
tanggal 12 Juni 2014.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
Andri Soemitra, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bank dan Lembaga Keuangan
Syariah, </i>(Jakarta: Kencana, 2009), hal. 24.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
Prathama Ramhardja dan Mandala Manurung, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar
Ilmu Ekonomi: Mikroekonomi dan Makroekonomi, </i>(Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit
Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia, 2008), hal. 331.</span></div>
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BAB I UANG DALAM PEREKONOMIAN MODERN

BAB I PENDAHULUAN Salah satu penemuan yang paling menakjubkan dalam sejarah peradaban manusia adalah uang. Tidak perlu d...