MUHAMMAD IBNU SOIM: Sosiologi

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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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Belakang</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Setiap masyarakat manusia selama hidup pasti
mengalami perubahan-perubahan, yang dapat berupa perubahan yang tidak menarik
dalam arti kurang mencolok. Adapula perubahan-perubahan yang pengaruhnya
terbatas maupun yang luas, serta ada pula perubahan-perubahan yang lambat
tetapi ada juga yang berjalan dengan cepat. Perubahan-perubahan hanya akan
dapat ditemukan oleh seseorang yang sempat meneliti susunan dan kehidupan suatu
masyarakat pada suatu waktu dan membandingkannya dengan susunan dan kehidupan
masyarakat tersebut pada waktu yang lampau.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perubahan-perubahan masyarakat dapat mengenai
nilai-nilai sosial, norma-norma sosial, pola-pola perilaku organisasi, susunan
lembaga kemasyarakatan, lapisan-lapisan dalam masyarakat, kekuatan dan
wewenang, interaksi sosial dan lain sebagainya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dari latar belakang masalah diatas, maka disini
penulis dapat merumuskan masalah diantaranya adalah:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Apa
pengertian perubahan sosial?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Apa
teori perubahan sosial?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Apa
hubungan antara perubahan sosial dan perubahan kebudayaan?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ada
berapa bentuk perubahan sosial dan kebudayaan?</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Faktor
penyebab perubahan sosial dan kebudayaan?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PERUBAHAN SOSIAL DAN KEBUDAYAAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DEFINISI
PERUBAHAN SOSIAL</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Para sosiolog maupun antropolog telah banyak
mempersoalkan mengenai pembatasan pengertian perubahan-perubahan sosial dan kebudayaan.
Supaya tidak timbul kekaburan, pembicaraan akan dibatasi lebih dahulu pada
perubahan-perubahan sosial. Dengan demikian, diinventarisasi rumusan-rumusan
seperti dibawah ini:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menurut
Kingsley Davis, perubahan sosial sebagai perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi dalam
struktur dan fungsi masyarakat. Misalnya, timbulnya pengorganisasian buruh
dalam masyarakat kapitalis telah menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan dalam hubungan
antara buruh dengan majikan dan seterusnya menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan
dalam organisasi ekonomi dan politik.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menurut
Maclver adalah ekspresi jiwa yang terwujud dalam cara-cara hidup dan berpikir,
pergaulan hidup, seni kesusastraan, agama, rekreasi dan hiburan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">TEORI-TEORI
PERUBAHAN SOSIAL</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Para ahli filsfat, sejarah, ekonomi dan sosiologi
telah mencoba untuk merumuskan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>prinsip-prinsip atau hukum-hukum
perubahan-perubahan sosial. Banyak yang berpendapat bahwa kecenderungan
terjadinya perubahan-perubahan sosial merupakan gejala wajar yang timbul dari
pergaulan hidup manusia. Ahli lain berpendapat bahwa perubahan sosial terjadi
karena adanya perubahan dalam unsur-unsur yang mempertahankan keseimbangan
masyarakat, seperti misalnya perubahan dalam unsur-unsur geografis, biologis,
ekonomis, atau kebudayaan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pitirim A. Sorokin berpendapat bahwa segenap usaha
untuk mengemukakan adanya suatu kecenderungan yang tertentu dan tetap dalam
perubahan-perubahan sosial tidak akan berhasil baik. Dia mengemukakan kebenaran
akan adanya lingkaran-lingkaran perubahan sosial tersebut. Akan tetapi,
perubahan-perubahan tetap ada dan yang paling penting adalah lingkungan
terjadinya gejala-gejala sosial harus dipelajari karena dengan jalan tersebut
barulah akan dapat diperoleh suatu generalisasi<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk mendapatkan hasil sebagaimana diharapkan,
hubungan antara kondisi dan faktor-faktor tersebut harus diteliti terlebih
dahulu. Penelitian yang objektif akan dapat memberikan hukum-hukum umum
perubahan sosial dan kebudayaan. Disamping itu juga, harus diperhatikan waktu
serta tempatnya perubahan-perubahan tersebut berlangsung.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">HUBUNGAN
ANTARA PERUBAHAN SOSIAL DAN PERUBAHAN KEBUDAYAAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Teori-teori mengenai perubahan-perubahan masyarakat
sering mempersoalkan perbedaan antara perubahan-perubahan sosial dengan
perubahan-perubahan kebudayaan. Perbedaan demikian tergantung dari adanya
perbedaan pengertian tentang masyarakat dan kebudayaan. Apabila perbedaan
pengertian tersebut dapat dinyatakan dengan tegas, maka dapat dengan sendirinya
perbedaan antara perubahan-perubahan sosial dan perubahan-perubahan kebudayaan
dapat dijelaskan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kingsley Davis berpendapat bahwa perubahan sosial
merupakan bagian dari perubahan kebudayaan. Perubahan dalam kebudayaan mencakup
semua bagiannya, yaitu kesenian, ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, filsafat, dan
seterusnya, bahkan perubahan-perubahan dalam bentuk serta aturan-aturan
organisasi sosial. Sebagai contoh dikemukakanhya perubahan pada logat bahasa
Aria setelah terpisah dari induknya. Akan tetapi perubahan tersebut tidak
mempengaruhi organisasi sosial masyarakatnya. Perubahan-perubahan tersebut
lebih merupakan perubahan kebudayaan ketimbang perubahan sosial.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ruang lingkup perubahan kebudayaan lebih luas. Sudah
barang tentu ada unsur-unsur kebudayaan yang dapat dipisahkan dari masyarakat,
akan tetapi perubahan-perubahan dalam kebudayaan tidak perlu memengaruhi sistem
sosial. Seorang sosiolog akan lebih memerhatikan perubahan kebudayaan yang
bertitik tolak dan timbul dari organisasi sosial, serta memengaruhinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Masyarakat menurut Kingsley Davis, adalah sistem
hubungan dalam arti hubungan antara organisasi-organisasi, dan bukan hubungan
antara sel-sel. Kebudayaan dikatakannya mencakup segenap cara berpikir dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>bertingkah laku yang timbul karena interaksi
yang bersifat komunikatif seperti menyampaikan buah pikiran serta simbolis dan
bukan karena warisan yang berdasarkan keturunan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PERUBAHAN
YANG DIKEHENDAKI DAN PERUBAHAN YANG TIDAK DIKEHENDAKI </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perubahan yang dikehendaki atau direncanakan
merupakan perubahan yang diperkirakan atau yang telah direncanakan terlebih
dahulu oleh pihak-pihak yang hendak mengadakan perubahan di dalam masyarakat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pihak-pihak yang menghendaki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>perubahan
dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agent of change</i>. Yaitu
seseorang atau sekelompok orang yang mendapat kepercayaan masyarakat sebagai
pemimpin satu atau lebih lembaga-lembaga kemasyarakatan.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Agent of Change</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> memimpin masyarakat dalam mengubah
sistem sosial. Dalam melaksanakannya, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agent
of change</i> langsung tersangkut dalam tekanan-tekanan untuk mengadakan
perubahan. Bahkan mungkin menyiapkan pula perubahan-perubahan pada
lembaga-lembaga kemasyarakatan lainnya. Suatu perubahan yang dikehendaki atau
yang direncanakan selalu berada di bawah pengendalian serta pengawasan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agent of change</i>. Perubahan sosial yang
tidak dikehendaki atua yang tidak direncanakan merupakan perubahan-perubahan
yang terjadi tanpa dikehendaki, berlangsung di luar jangkauan pengawasan
masyarakat dan dapat menyebabkan timbulnya akibat-akibat sosial yang tidak
diharapkan masyarakat. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Apabila perubahan yang tidak dikehendaki tersebut
berlangsung bersamaan dengan suatu perubahan yang dikehendaki, perubahan
tersebut mungkin mempunyai pengaruh yang demikian besarnya terhadap
perubahan-perubahan yang dikehendaki. Dengan demikian, keadaan tersebut tidak
mungkin diubah tanpa mendapat halangan-halangan masyarakat itu sendiri. Atau
dengan kata lain, perubahan yang ada atau dengan cara membentuk yang baru.
Sering kali terjadi perubahan yang dikehendaki bekerja sama dengan perubahan
yang tidak dikehendaki dan kedua proses tersebut saling memengaruhi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Suatu perubahan yang dikehendaki dapat timbul
sebagai reaksi (yang direncanakan) terhadap perubahan-perubahan sosial dan
kebudayaan yang terjadi sebelumnya, baik yang merupakan perubahan yang
dikehendaki maupun yang tidak dikehendaki. Terjadiya perubahan-perubahan yang
dikehendaki, perubahan-perubahan yang kemudian merupakan perkembangan
selanjutnya meneruskan proses. Bila sebelumnya terjadi perubahan-perubahan yang
tidak dikehendaki, perubahan yang dikehendaki dapat ditafsirkan sebagai
pengakuan terhadap perubahan-perubahan sebelumnya agar kemudian diterima secara
luas oleh masyarakat.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FAKTOR-FAKTOR
YANG MENYEBABKAN PERUBAHAN SOSIAL DAN KEBUDAYAAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada umumnya, dapat dikatakan bahwa mungkin ada
suber sebab-sebab tersebut yang terletak di dalam masyarakat itu sendiri dan
ada yang letaknya diluar.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sebab-sebab yang bersumber dalam masyarakat itu sendiri, antara lain sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bertambah
atau berkurangnya penduduk</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pertambahan
penduduk yang sangat cepat di pulau Jawa menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan dalam
struktur masyarakat, terutama hak milik individual atas tanah, sewa tanah,
gadai tanah, bagi hasil dan selanjutnya, yang sebelumnya tidak dikenal.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penemuan-penemuan
baru</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Suatu
proses sosial dan kebudayaan yang besar, tetapi yang terjadi dalam jangka waktu
yang tidak terlalu lama disebut dengan inovasi atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">innovation</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pertentangan
masyarakat</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pertantangan
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(conflict)</i> masyarakat mungkin pula
menjadi sebab terjadinya perubahan sosial dan kebudayaan.
Pertentangan-pertentangan mungkin terjadi antara individu dengan kelompok atau
perantara kelompok dengan kelompok. Umumnya masyarakat tradisional di Indonesia
bersifat kolektif.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Terjadinya
pemberontakan atau Revolusi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Revolusi
yang meletus pada Oktober 1917 di Rusia telah menyulut terjadinya
perubahan-perubahan besar Negara Rusia yang mula-mula mempunyai bentuk kerajaan
absolut berubah menjadi dikator proletariat yang dilandaskan pada koktrin
Marxis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FAKTOR-FAKTOR
YANG MEMENGARUHI JALANNYA PROSES PERUBAHAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Faktor-faktor
yang mendorong jalannya proses perubahan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Didalam masyarakat dimana terjadi suatu proses
perubahan, terdapat faktor-faktor yang mendorong jalannya perubahan yang
terjadi. Faktor-faktor tersebut antara lain adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kontak
dengan kebudayaan lain</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sistem
pendidikan formal yang maju</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sikap
menghargai hasil karya seseorang dan keinginan-keinginan untuk maju</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Toleransi
terhadap perubahan-perubahan yang menyimpang</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sistem
terbuka lapisan masyarakat </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penduduk
yang heterogen</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ketidakpuasan
masyarakat terhadap bidang-bidang kehidupan tertentu</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Orientasi
kemasa depan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nilai
bahwa manusia harus senantiasa berikhtiar untuk memperbaiki hidupnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Faktor-faktor
yang menghalangi terjadinya perubahan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kurangnya
hubungan dengan masyarakat lain</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perkembangan
ilmu pengetahuan yang terlambat</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sikap
masyarakat yang sangat tradisional</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adanya
kepentingan-kepentingan yang telah tertanam dengan kuat atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vested interests</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rasa
takut akan terjadinya kegoyahan pada integrais kebudayaan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Prasangka
terhadap hal-hal baru atau asing atau sikap yang tertutup</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hambatan-hambatan
yang bersifat ideologis</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nilai
bahwa hidup ini pada hakikatnya buruk dan tidak mungkin diperbaiki</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adat
atau kebiasaan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dari pembahasan makalah diatas, maka dapat kami
simpulkan bahwa Perubahan-perubahan hanya akan dapat ditemukan oleh seseorang yang
sempat meneliti susunan dan kehidupan suatu masyarakat pada suatu waktu dan
membandingkannya dengan susunan dan kehidupan masyarakat tersebut pada waktu
yang lampau. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perubahan-perubahan
masyarakat dapat mengenai nilai-nilai sosial, norma-norma sosial, pola-pola
perilaku organisasi, susunan lembaga kemasyarakatan, lapisan-lapisan dalam
masyarakat, kekuatan dan wewenang, interaksi sosial dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Teori-teori mengenai perubahan-perubahan masyarakat
sering mempersoalkan perbedaan antara perubahan-perubahan sosial dengan
perubahan-perubahan kebudayaan. Perbedaan demikian tergantung dari adanya
perbedaan pengertian tentang masyarakat dan kebudayaan. Apabila perbedaan
pengertian tersebut dapat dinyatakan dengan tegas, maka dapat dengan sendirinya
perbedaan antara perubahan-perubahan sosial dan perubahan-perubahan kebudayaan
dapat dijelaskan.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251658240;"><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; left: 488px; position: absolute; top: -117px; width: 54px;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCOM1%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="54" /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Clifford Geertz, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Social Context of Economic Change: An Indonesian Case Study, </i>(Cambridge
Mass: Mimeographed Paper, 1956).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Koentjaraningrat,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar
Antropologi, </i>(Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas, 1965).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pitirim A. Sorokin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Contemporary Sociological Theories, </i>(New York: Harper and Brothers,
1928).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Selo Soemardjan dan Soelaeman Soemardi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Setangkai Bunga Sosiologi, </i>(Jakarta: Yayasan
Badan Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia, 1964).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Soerjono Soekanto, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sosiologi: Suatu Pengantar,</i> (Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007).</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Soerjono Soekanto, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sosiologi: Suatu Pengantar,</i> (Jakarta:
Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007), hal. 259.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">

<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Pitirim A. Sorokin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Contemporary Sociological Theories, </i>(New
York: Harper and Brothers, 1928), hal. 732.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">

<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Soerjono Soekanto, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op Cit, </i>hal. 266.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Soerjono Soekanto, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op Cit.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">

<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Clifford Geertz, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Social Context of Economic Change: An
Indonesian Case Study, </i>(Cambridge Mass: Mimeographed Paper, 1956), hal.13.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">

<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Soerjono Soekanto, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op Cit.</i> hal. 273.</span></div>
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<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">

<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Selo Soemardjan dan
Soelaeman Soemardi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Setangkai Bunga
Sosiologi, </i>(Jakarta: Yayasan Badan Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas
Indonesia, 1964), hal. 489.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Koentjaraningrat, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar
Antropologi, </i>(Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas, 1965), hal. 135-137.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Soerjono Soekanto, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op Cit.</i> hal. 287-288.</span></div>
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