BAB I DASAR-DASAR QUR’ANI DAN SEJARAH KEMUNCULAN PERSOALAN-PERSOALAN KALAM

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jJxd5Wdnqus/VDUmxnhrz9I/AAAAAAAACUE/R6h1YGZaYs4/s1600/998529_664563143557517_335018365_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jJxd5Wdnqus/VDUmxnhrz9I/AAAAAAAACUE/R6h1YGZaYs4/s1600/998529_664563143557517_335018365_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB I</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ilmu kalam biasa disebut dengan beberapa nama, antara lain : ilmu ushuluddin, ilmu tauhid, fiqh al-akbar dan teologi islam. Disebut dengan ilmu ushuluddin karena, ilmu </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ini</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> membahas pokok-pokok agama dan disebut ilmu tauhid karena, ilmu ini membahas keesaan Allah SWT, juga asma’ dan afal Allah yang wajib, mustahil dan jaiz, juga sifat wajib, mustahil, dan jaiz bagi rasul-Nya. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara objektif ilmu kalam sama dengan ilmu tauhid, tetapi argumentasi ilmu kalam lebih dikosentrasikan pada penguasaan logika. Abu Hanifah menyebut ilmu ini fiqh al-</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">akbar</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Menurut persepsinya, hokum islam yang kenal dengan istilah fiqih terbagi atas dua bagian. Pertama, fiqh al-akbar, membahas pokok-pokok agama. Kedua, fiqh al-asghar, membahas hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan masalah muamalah, bukan pokok-pokok agama, tetapi hanya cabangnya saja.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB II</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">PEMBAHASAN </span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">DASAR-DASAR QUR’ANI DAN SEJARAH KEMUNCULAN PERSOALAN-PERSOALAN KALAM</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -.25in;"> <b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">PENGERTIAN ILMU KALAM</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ilmu kalam sering juga disebut Ilmu Ushuluddin Menurut beberapa tokoh,pengertian ilmu kalam adalah sebagai berikut</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">:</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Musthafa Abdul Raziq“Ilmu Kalam yang berkaitan dengan akidah imam ini sesungguhnya dibangun diatas argumentasi –argumentasi rasional atau ilmu yang berkaitan dengan akidah imam ini bertolak atas bantuan nalar.”</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Al Farabi“Ilmu Kalam adalah disiplin ilmu yang membahas tentang dzat dan sifat Allah beserta eksistensi semua yang mungkin, mulai yang berkenaan dengan masalah dunia sampai masalah sesudah mati yang berdasarkan doktrin Islam. Stressing akhirnya adalah memproduksi ilmu Ketuhanan secara filosofis.” </span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ibnu Khaldun“Ilmu Kalam adalah disiplin ilmu yang mengandung berbagai argumentasi tentang akidah imami yang diperkuat dalil-dalil nasional.”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari bebe</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">ra</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">pa keterangan diatas bisa disimpulkan bahwa ilmu kalam yaitu ilmu yang membahas berbagai masalah ketuhanan dengan menggunakan argumentasi logika serta filsafat.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">SEJARAH KEMUNCULAN PERSOALAN-PERSOALAN KALAM</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menurut Harun Nasution, kemunculan persoalan kalam dipicu oleh persoalan politik yang menyangkut peristiwa pembunuhan Ustman bin Affan yang beruntut pada persoalan Muawiyah atas kekhalifahan Ali bin Abi Thalib yang mengkristal menjadi perang Siffin yang kemudian menghasilkan keputusan tahkim.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Persoalan kalam yang pertama kali muncul adalah persoalan siapa yang kafir dan siapa yang bukan kafir, dalam arti siapa yang keluar dari Islam dan siapa yang tetap Islam. Sehingga persoalan ini menimbulkan beberapa aliran antara lain</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">:</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Khawarij</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Murjiah</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Mu’tazilah</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Airan Qodariyah</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Jabariyah</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Asy’ariyah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(Abu Al Hasan Al Asy’ari)</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Maturidiyah (Abu Mansur M. Al Maturidi) Aliran Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah keduanya sering disebut Ahlussunah wal jamaah.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">KERANGKA BERPIKIR ALIRAN-ALIRAN ILMU KALAM</span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perbedaan metode berfikir secara garis besar dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua macam, yaitu kerangka berfikir rasional dan kerangka berfikir tradisional. <br /> Metode berpikir rasional memiliki prinsip-prinsip, sebagai berikut</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">:</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hanya terikat pada dogma-dogma yang dengan tegas dan jelas disebut dalam Al Quran dan Hadist, yaitu ayat yang Qoth’i.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Memberikan kebebasan pada manusia dalam berbuat dan berkehendak serta mendirikan daya yang kuat kepada akal Mu’tazilah.<br /> Metode berpikir tradisional memiliki prinsip-prinsip, sebagi berikut:</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Terikat pada dogma-dogma dan ayat-ayat yang mengandung </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">aturan untuk seluruh umat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tidak memberikan kebebasan kepada manusia dalam berkehendak dan berbuat. </span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Memberikan daya yang kecil kepada akal. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Asy’ariyah</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perbedaan kerangka berpikir dalam menyelesaikan persoalan-persoalan kalam</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Antroposentris</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menganggap bahwa hakikat realitas transenden bersifat intrakosmos dan personal.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Teolog Teosentris</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hakikat realitas transenden bersifat suprakosmos personal dan ketuhanan.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Konvergensi/Sintesis</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hakikat realitas transenden bersifat supra sekaligus intrakosmos, personal dan impersonal.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Nihilis</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hakikat realitas transendental hanyalah ilusi.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">PERBANDINGAN ANTAR ALIRAN </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">SIFAT-SIFAT TUHAN</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Mu’tazilah</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Mu’tazilah mengatakan bahwa Tuhan tidak mempunyai sifat-sifat yang melekat pada dirinya.selanjutnya, Mu’tazilah berpendapat bahwa Tuhan bersifat immateri, dan tidak dapat dilihat dari mata kepala.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Asy’ariyah</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Asy’ariyah berpendapat bahwa Tuhan mempunyai sifat-sifat yang melekat padanya.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliran Maturidiyiyah </span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Maturidiyah tentang makna sifat Tuhan cendrung mendekati faham Mu’tazilah. Perbedaanya, bahwa Maturidi mengakui adanya sifat-sifat Tuhan. </span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">A</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">liran Syi’ah Rafidhah</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tokoh Syi’ah Rafidhah menolak bahwa Tuhan senantiasa bersifat tau. Sebagian mereka berpendapat bahwa Tuhan tidak bersifat tahu terhadap sesuatu sebelum ia berkehandak</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div> <span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB III</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Berdasarkan pembahasan makalah diatas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">kemunculan persoalan kalam dipicu oleh persoalan politik yang menyangkut peristiwa pembunuhan Ustman bin Affan yang beruntut pada persoalan Muawiyah atas kekhalifahan Ali bin Abi Thalib yang mengkristal menjadi perang Siffin yang kemudian menghasilkan keputusan tahkim.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Persoalan kalam yang pertama kali muncul adalah persoalan siapa yang kafir dan siapa yang bukan kafir, dalam arti siapa yang keluar dari Islam dan siapa yang tetap Islam.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div> <span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Harun Nasution, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filsafat dan Mistisisme Dalam Islam</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">,</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1992)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jamhir</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengertian Tasawuf</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dikutip Pada Kuliah di Fakultas Syariah Pada Tanggal 14 Maret 2011</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Solihin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Tasawuf</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2008)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div>

BAB I DASAR-DASAR QUR’ANI DAN SEJARAH KEMUNCULAN PERSOALAN-PERSOALAN KALAM

BAB I PENDAHULUAN Ilmu kalam biasa disebut dengan beberapa nama, antara lain : ilmu ushuluddin, ilmu tauhid, fiqh al-akbar dan teo...

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BAB I ISMAIL FARUQI DAN HASAN HANAFI

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB I</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ilmu kalam bias disebut dengan beberapa nama, antara lain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilmu</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ushuluddin, ilmu tauhid, fiqh Al-Akbar</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">teologi Islam</i>. Disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilmu</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ushuluddin</i> karena ilmu ini membahas pokok-pokok<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>agama, disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilmu</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tauhid</i> karena ilmu ini membahas ke Esaan Allah SWT. disebut <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fiqh Al-Akbar</i> karena didalamnya membahas tentang agama-agama dan disebut sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">teologi</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islam</i> karena didalamya juga membahas pokok-pokok ke Esaan yang dimiliki oleh Allah atau sang pencipta.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Maka daripada itu, disini banyak yang menciptakan pemikiran tentang ilmu-ilmu diatas, ada Abu Hanafiah, Al-Faruqi, Hasan Hanafi dan lain sebagainya. Semua itu mereka mengeluarkan pemikiran tersebut untuk membuka keyakinan umat Islam akan kekuatan dan ke Esaan Allah SWT. Disini penulis akan membahas makalah yang berjudul Pemikiran Ismail<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Faruqidan Hasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Hanafi secara ringkas agar mudah untuk dimengerti dan mudah dipahami bersama-sama.</span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB II</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">ISMAIL FARUQI DAN HASAN HANAFI</span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">ISMAIL AL-FARUQI</span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Riwayat Singkat Ismail Al-Faruqi</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ismail Raji Al-Faruqi, lahir pada tanggal 1 Januari 1921 di Jaffa Palestina. Pendidikan dasarnya di mulai dimadrasah, lalu pendidikan menengah di <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Collage des Freres St, Joseph, </i>dengan bahasa pengantar Prancis. Pada tahun 1941, Al-Faruqi mengambil kuliah filsafat di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> American Univercity, </i>Beirut. Setelah tamat dan meraih gelar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bachelor of Arts, </i>ia kemudian bekerja sebagai pegawai negeri sipil pada pemerintahan Inggris yang memegang mandate atas Palestina ketika itu selama empat tahun. Karena kepemimpinannya menonjol, pada usia 24 tahun ia diangkat menjadi Gubernur Galilea.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada tahun 1948, Palestina dijarah oleh Israel dan Faruqi, seperti warga Palestina lainnya, terusir dari tanah kelahirannya. Ia tercatat sebagai Gubernur Galila terakhir yang berdarah Palestina. Setelah setahun menganggur, pada tahun berikutnya, yaitu tahun 1949 Faruqi hijrah ke AS untuk melanjutkan kuliahnya. Ia mendapatkan gelar Master Filsafat dari Universitas Indiana. Dua tahun kemudian gelar master filsafat kembali ia raih dari Universitas Harvard.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari Harvard, inilah pengalaman mengajarnya yaitu belajar tanpa dukungan financial itu sulit. Biaya kuliahnya yang tinggi di AS mengharuskannya untuk bekerja. Dengan uang AS$ 1.000 dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Cauncil of Learned Sociates</i> (honornya menerjemahkan dua buku bahasa Arab), ia memasuki bisnis konstruksi. Dengan menspesialisasikan diri pada bangunan rumah, kesempatan untuk menjadi kaya semakin terbuka baginya.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sambil bergurau, Faruqi mengenang kisah itu. “Kami para filosof, membutuhkan waktu untuk tafakur sendiri. Kau tidak dapat bekerja dan menulis disertai pada saat bersamaan,” katanya pada Steve Johnson, murid Kristennya yang membutuhkan biaya hidup enam bulan untuk menulis disertasinya. Kemudian lanjutnya, “Begini saja, kau kan tahu bagaimana menjadi pendeta, cobalah jadi pendeta…”</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Merasa kurang pengetahuannya mengenai Islam walaupun sudah bergelar Doktor Faruqi pergi ke Mesir. Selama tiga tahun, ia menyelesaikan pascasarjana di Universitas Al-Azhar. Karena kuat dorongan belajarnya itu pulalah, Faruqi memenuhi undangan Wilfred C. Smith untuk bergabung dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Institute of Islamic Studies</i> di Universitas McGill, Canada. Ia disana selama dua tahun, yaitu pada tahun 1959-1961. Selain mengajar, ia mempelajari etika Yahudi dan Kristen.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Diruang kuliah, Faruqi tergolong pengajar yang humoris dan memiliki banyak cara untuk membuat muridnya untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>tidak merasa jenuh. “Faruqi penuh semangat dan dinamis. Kuliah-kuliahnya mengenai Islam menjadikan iman dan sejarah Islam sebagai sesuatu yang mengantuk dikelas. Saya tak pernah melihat ada mahasiswa yang mengantuk di kelas.” Kenang John L. Esposito, mantan muridnya, seorang yang menjadi pemerhati perkembangan Islam di Asia Tenggara.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dinatara kontribusi Faruqi adalah kepeloporannya memperkenalkan program studi-studi Islam di Universitas AS. Sayyed Hussein Nasr, sarjana muslim yang juga mengajar di berbagai universitas di AS, menyebutnya sebagai “Sarjana muslim pertama yang mendedikasikan sepanjang hayatnya pada studi-studi Islam di AS dan menjadikan AS sebagai kediaman terakhir.”</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kepedulian Faruqi terhadap Islam dan kaum muslimin diawali oleh komitmen teguhnya pada Islam. Oleh karena itu, aktivitas-aktivitasnya melampaui batas-batas akademis. Ia dapat disebut sarjana, aktifis, dan pemimpin yang mendedikasikan diri pada pembaruan dan reformasi. Baginya, kerja merupakan itulah dakwah sesungguhnya, pergulatan nyata untuk merealisasikan dan mengaktualisasikan Islam dan sejarah seperti diungkapkan oleh John L. Esposito.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Keaktifan Al-Faruqi di berbagai kelompok studi Islam dan keterlibatannya dalam gerakan-gerakan Islam amat menonjol. Ia adalah tokoh dibalik pembentukan MSA, ISNA, AJISS, AMSS, IIIT, dan banyak lagi lembaga keislaman di AS. Ia juga kerap diundang sebagai tutor oleh para pemimpin muda muslim yang terlibat dalam gerakan-gerakan Islam. Faruqi juga duduk sebagai penasehat diberbagai universitas di dunia Islam dan ikut mendesain program studi Islam di Pakistan, India, Afrika Selatan, Malaysia, Libya, Saudi Arabia, dan Mesir. </span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pemikiran Kalam Al-Faruqi</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Adapun pemikiran menurut Al-Faruqi adalah sebagai berikut seperti dibawah ini:</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebagai inti pengalaman agama</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebgai pandangan dunia </span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebagai intisari Islam</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebagai prinsip sejarah</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebagai prinsip pengetahuan</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebagai prinsip metafisika</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebagai prinsip etika</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebagai prinsip tata social</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">        </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebagai prinsip keluarga</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">        </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebagai prinsip tata politik</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebagai prinsip tata ekonomi</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">        </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tauhid sebagai prinsip estetika.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">HASAN HANAFI</span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Riwayat Singkat Hidup Hasan Hanafi</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hanafi dilahirkan pada tanggal 13 Februari 1935 di Kairo. Ia berasal dari keluarga musisi. Pendidikannya diawali pada tahun 1948 dengan menamatkan pendidikan tingkat dasar, dan melanjutkan studinya di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Khalil Agha, Kairo yang diselesaikannya selama empat tahun. Semasa di Tsanawiyahnya ia aktif mengikuti diskusi kelompok <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikhwan Al-Muslimin</i>. Oleh karena itu, sejak kecil ia telah mengetahui pemikiran yang dkembangkan kelompok itu dan aktivis sosialnya. Hanafi tertarik juga untuk mempelajari pemikiran Sayyid Qutb tentang keadilan social dalam Islam. Ia berkonsentrasi untuk mendalami pemikiran agama, revolusi, dan perubahan social.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari sekian banyak tulisan atau karya Hanafi, Kiri Islam (Al-Yasar Al-Islami) merupakan salah satu puncak sublimasi pemikirannya semenjak revolusi 1952. Kiri Islam, meskipun baru memuat tema-tema pokok dari proyek besar Hanafi, karya ini telah memformulasikan satu kecenderungan pemikiran yang ideal tentang bagaimana seharusnya sumbangan agama bagi kesejahteraan umat manusia.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pemikiran Kalam Hasan Hanafi</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Adapun pemikiran kalam menuruh Hasan Hanafi dapat dilihat sebagai berikut:</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kritik terhadap teologi tradisional</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam gagasanya tentang rekonstruksi teologi tradisional, Hanafi menegaskan perlunya mengubah orientasi perangkat konseptual system kepercayaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(teologi)</i> sesuai dengan perubahan konteks politik yang terjadi. Teologi tradisional, kata Hanafi lahir dalam konteks sejarah ketka inti keislaman system kepercayaan yakni transedensi Tuhan, diserang oleh wakil dari sekte dan budaya lama. </span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Teologi itu dimaksudkan untuk mempertahankan doktrin utama dan memelihara kemurniannya. Sementara itu, konteks social politik sekarang sudah berubah. Islam mengalami berbagai kekalahan di berbagai medan pertempuran sepanjang periode kolonisasi. Oleh karena itu, kerangka konseptual lama masa-masa permulaan, yang berasal dari kebudayaan klasik, harus diubah menjadi kerangka konseptual baru yang berasal dari kebudayaan modern.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Selanjutnya, Hanafi memandang bahwa teologi bukanlah pemikiran murni yang hadir dalam kehampaan kesejahteraan, melainkan merefleksikan konflik-konflik social politik. Oleh karena itu, kritik teologi memang merupakan tindakan yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>sah dan dibenarkan.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hanafi ingin meletakan teologi Islam tradisional pada tempat yang sebenarnya, yakni bukan pada ilmu ketuhanan yang suci, yang tidak boeh dipersoalkan lagi dan harus diterima begitu saja secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">taken for granted</i>. Ia adalah ilmu kemanusiaan yang tetap terbuka untuk diadakan verifikasi dan falsifikasi baik secara historis maupun eidetic.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Secara Praxis, Hanafi juga menunjukan bahwa teologi tradisional tidak dapat menjadi sebuah pandangan yang benar-benar hidup dan member motivasi tindakan dalam kehidupan kongkret umat manusia. Secara prakxis, teologi tradisional gagal menjadi semacam ideology yang sungguh-sungguh fungsional bagi kehidupan nyata masyarakat muslim. Kegagalan para teolog tradisional disebabkan oleh sikap para penyusun teologi yang tidak mengikatkannya dengan kesadaran murni dan nilai-nilai perbuatan manusia.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Akibatnya, muncul keterpecahan antara keimanan teoritik dengan amal praktisnya di kalangan umat. Ia menyatakan, baik secara individual maupun social, umat ini dilanda keterceraiberaian dan terkoyak-koyak. Secara individual, pemikrian manusia terputus dengan kesadaran, perkataan maupun perbuatannya. Keadaan itu akan mduah melahirkan sikap-sikap moral ganda.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Secara historis, teologi telah menyingkap adanya benturan berbagai kepentingan dan ia sarat dengan konflik social politik. Teologi telah gagal pada dua tingkat. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama, </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada tingkat teoretis, yaitu gagal mendapatkan pembuktian ilmiah dan filosofis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua, </i>pada tingkat praxis, yaitu gagal karena hanya menciptakan apatisme dan negativisme.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rekonstruksi teologi</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Melihat sisi-sisi kelemahan teologi tradisional, Hanafi lalu mengajukan saran rekonstruksi teologi. Menurutnya, adalah mungkin untuk memfungsikan teologi menjadi ilmu-ilmu yang bermanfaat bagi masa kini, yaitu dengan melakukan rekonstruksi dan revisi serta membangun kembali epistemology lama yang rancu dan palsu menuju <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">epistemology</i> baru yang sahih dan lebih signifikan. </span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tujuan rekonstruksi teologi Hanafi adalah menjadikan teologi tidak sekedar dogma-dogma keagamaan yang kosong, melainkan menjelma sebagai ilmu tetang pejuang social, yang menjadikan keimanan-keimanan tradisional memiliki fungsi secara actual sebagai landasan etik dan motivasi manusia.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">System kepercayaan sesungguhnya mengekspresikan bangunan social tertentu. System kepercayaan menjadikan gerakan social sebagai gerakan bagi kepentingan mayoritas yang diam sehingga system kepercayaan memiliki fungsi visi. Karena memiliki fungsi revolusi, tujuan final rekonstruksi teologi tradisional adalah revolusi social. Menilai revolusi dengan agama di masa sekarang sama halnya dengan mengaitkan filsafat dengan syari’at dimasa yang lalu, ketika filsafat menjadi tuntutan zaman saat itu.</span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB III</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari pembahasan makalah diatas, maka dapat kami simpulkan bahwa Ismail Raji Al-Faruqi, lahir pada tanggal 1 Januari 1921 di Jaffa Palestina. Pendidikan dasarnya di mulai dimadrasah, lalu pendidikan menengah di <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Collage des Freres St, Joseph, </i>dengan bahasa pengantar Prancis. Pada tahun 1941, Al-Faruqi mengambil kuliah filsafat di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> American Univercity, </i>Beirut. Setelah tamat dan meraih gelar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bachelor of Arts, </i>ia kemudian bekerja sebagai pegawai negeri sipil pada pemerintahan Inggris yang memegang mandate atas Palestina ketika itu selama empat tahun.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sedangkan Hanafi dilahirkan pada tanggal 13 Februari 1935 di Kairo. Ia berasal dari keluarga musisi. Pendidikannya diawali pada tahun 1948 dengan menamatkan pendidikan tingkat dasar, dan melanjutkan studinya di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Khalil Agha, Kairo yang diselesaikannya selama empat tahun. Semasa di Tsanawiyahnya ia aktif mengikuti diskusi kelompok <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikhwan Al-Muslimin</i>. Oleh karena itu, sejak kecil ia telah mengetahui pemikiran yang dkembangkan kelompok itu dan aktivis sosialnya.</span></div> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abdul Rozak, dan Rosihan Anwar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Kalam, </i>(Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2007).</span></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ahmad Ridwan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reformasi Intelektual, </i>(Yogyakarta: Ittaqa Press, 1998).</span></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Disadur dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lamnya Al-Faruqi, Allah, Masa Depan Kaum Wanita, </i>terj. Masyhur Abadi, (Surabaya: Al-Fikr, 1991).</span></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">E. Kusnadiningrat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teologi dan Pembahasan: Gagasan Islam Kiri Hasan Hanafi, </i>(Jakarta: Logos, 1999).</span></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ismail Raji Al-Faruqi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tauhid, </i>terj. Rahmani Astuti, (Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 1988).</span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <br clear="all" /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> Disadur dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lamnya Al-Faruqi, Allah, Masa Depan Kaum Wanita, </i>terj. Masyhur Abadi, (Surabaya: Al-Fikr, 1991), hal. vii-x.</span></div> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> Abdul Rozak, dan Rosihan Anwar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Kalam, </i>(Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2007), hal. 228.</span></div> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> Ismail Raji Al-Faruqi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tauhid, </i>terj. Rahmani Astuti, (Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 1988), hal. 1-207.</span></div> </div> <div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> Ahmad Ridwan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reformasi Intelektual, </i>(Yogyakarta: Ittaqa Press, 1998), hal. </span></div> </div> <div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3762076589651408403#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> E. Kusnadiningrat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teologi dan Pembahasan: Gagasan Islam Kiri Hasan Hanafi, </i>(Jakarta: Logos, 1999), hal. 63-64.</span></div> </div> </div> </div>

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